Table 1 |
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Circadian clock genes and their functions in Drosophila and mice |
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Organism |
Gene |
Protein function |
Clock function |
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Drosophila |
per |
Binds to dClk-Cyc as a heterodimer with Tim |
Inhibits dClk-Cyc-dependent transcription |
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tim |
Stabilizes phosphorylated Per |
Contributes to delayed Per accumulation |
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Promotes Per nuclear localization |
Acts with Per to inhibit dClk-Cyc-dependent transcription |
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Binds to dClk-Cyc as a heterodimer with Per |
Mediates phase-resetting in response to light |
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Degraded in response to light |
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dClk |
Forms a heterodimeric complex with Cyc |
Activates per and tim transcription and inhibits dClk transcription |
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Cyc (Bmal1) |
Forms a heterodimeric complex with dClk |
Activates per and tim transcription and inhibits dClk transcription |
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dbt (CK1ε) |
Phosphorylates Per |
Destabilizes Per |
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cry |
Photoreceptor element that binds to Tim |
Initiates light signaling required for phase resetting |
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Mouse |
mPer1 |
Interacts with Clock-Bmal1? |
Moderate inhibition of Clock-Bmal1-dependent transcription |
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mPer2 |
Interacts with Clock-Bmal1? |
Activation of Bmal1 transcription |
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Moderate inhibition of Clock-Bmal1-dependent transcription |
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mPer3 |
Interacts with Clock-Bmal1? |
Moderate inhibition of Clock-Bmal1-dependent transcription |
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mTim |
Interacts with Clock-Bmal1? |
Moderate inhibition of Clock-Bmal1-dependent transcription |
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Clock |
Forms a heterodimeric complex with Bmal1 |
Activates mPer1-3 and mCry1 |
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Bmal1 |
Forms a heterodimeric complex with Clock |
Activates mPer1-3 and mCry1 |
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CK1ε (tau) |
Phosphorylates mPer1 and mPer2 |
Destabilizes mPers |
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mCry1 |
Dimerizes with mPer1-3 |
Strongly inhibits Clock-Bmal1-dependent transcription |
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Binds to Clock-Bmal1 |
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Promotes mPer1-3 nuclear localization |
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mCry2 |
Dimerizes with mPer1-3 |
Strongly inhibits Clock-Bmal1-dependent transcription |
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Binds to Clock-Bmal1 |
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Promotes mPer1-3 nuclear localization |
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Gene symbols are as described in the text. Protein functions are derived from in vivo and/or in vitro experiments. Clock function is derived from mutant phenotypes and/or in vivo experiments. The '?' for mPer1-3 and mTim protein function indicates that the indicated activity is presumed on the basis of the clock function of these proteins. Cyc is the Drosophila homolog of mouse Bmal1 and dbt is the homolog of mouse CK1ε and hamster tau. |
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Hardin Genome Biology 2000 1:reviews1023.1 doi:10.1186/gb-2000-1-4-reviews1023 |
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