Research

An integrated gene annotation and transcriptional profiling approach towards the full gene content of the Drosophila genome

M Hild^1* , B Beckmann^2* , SA Haas^3* , B Koch¹, V Solovyev⁴, C Busold², K Fellenberg², M Boutros⁵, M Vingron³ , F Sauer^1,6 , JD Hoheisel² and R Paro¹

¹  Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie Heidelberg (ZMBH), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

²  Division of Functional Genome Analysis, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

³  Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany

⁴  Softberry, Inc., 116 Radio Circle, Suite 400, Mount Kisko, NY 10549, USA

⁵  Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

⁶  Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA

author email corresponding author email* Contributed equally

Genome Biology 2003, 5:R3doi:10.1186/gb-2003-5-1-r3

Published:	22 December 2003

Subject areas: Genome studies, Model organisms, Bioinformatics, Development

Abstract

Background

While the genome sequences for a variety of organisms are now available, the precise number of the genes encoded is still a matter of debate. For the human genome several stringent annotation approaches have resulted in the same number of potential genes, but a careful comparison revealed only limited overlap. This indicates that only the combination of different computational prediction methods and experimental evaluation of such in silico data will provide more complete genome annotations. In order to get a more complete gene content of the Drosophila melanogaster genome, we based our new D. melanogaster whole-transcriptome microarray, the Heidelberg FlyArray, on the combination of the Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project (BDGP) annotation and a novel ab initio gene prediction of lower stringency using the Fgenesh software.

Results

Here we provide evidence for the transcription of approximately 2,600 additional genes predicted by Fgenesh. Validation of the developmental profiling data by RT-PCR and in situ hybridization indicates a lower limit of 2,000 novel annotations, thus substantially raising the number of genes that make a fly.

Conclusions

The successful design and application of this novel Drosophila microarray on the basis of our integrated in silico/wet biology approach confirms our expectation that in silico approaches alone will always tend to be incomplete. The identification of at least 2,000 novel genes highlights the importance of gathering experimental evidence to discover all genes within a genome. Moreover, as such an approach is independent of homology criteria, it will allow the discovery of novel genes unrelated to known protein families or those that have not been strictly conserved between species.