Research

Phylogenomic evidence supports past endosymbiosis, intracellular and horizontal gene transfer in Cryptosporidium parvum

Jinling Huang¹ , Nandita Mullapudi² , Cheryl A Lancto³ , Marla Scott¹ , Mitchell S Abrahamsen³ and Jessica C Kissinger^1,2

¹  Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA

²  Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA

³  Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA

author email corresponding author email

Genome Biology 2004, 5:R88doi:10.1186/gb-2004-5-11-r88

Published:	19 October 2004

Subject areas: Microbiology and parasitology, Evolution, Genome studies, Genetics

Abstract

Background

The apicomplexan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum is an emerging pathogen capable of causing illness in humans and other animals and death in immunocompromised individuals. No effective treatment is available and the genome sequence has recently been completed. This parasite differs from other apicomplexans in its lack of a plastid organelle, the apicoplast. Gene transfer, either intracellular from an endosymbiont/donor organelle or horizontal from another organism, can provide evidence of a previous endosymbiotic relationship and/or alter the genetic repertoire of the host organism. Given the importance of gene transfers in eukaryotic evolution and the potential implications for chemotherapy, it is important to identify the complement of transferred genes in Cryptosporidium.

Results

We have identified 31 genes of likely plastid/endosymbiont (n = 7) or prokaryotic (n = 24) origin using a phylogenomic approach. The findings support the hypothesis that Cryptosporidium evolved from a plastid-containing lineage and subsequently lost its apicoplast during evolution. Expression analyses of candidate genes of algal and eubacterial origin show that these genes are expressed and developmentally regulated during the life cycle of C. parvum.

Conclusions

Cryptosporidium is the recipient of a large number of transferred genes, many of which are not shared by other apicomplexan parasites. Genes transferred from distant phylogenetic sources, such as eubacteria, may be potential targets for therapeutic drugs owing to their phylogenetic distance or the lack of homologs in the host. The successful integration and expression of the transferred genes in this genome has changed the genetic and metabolic repertoire of the parasite.