Table 3

Arrestin binding partners
		Arrestin conformation^†

Binding proteins*	Arrestin subtype	GPCR-bound	Free	Function	References

Trafficking proteins
Clathrin	Arrestin2, arrestin3	+++	+	Endocytosis	[27]
AP-2	Arrestin2, arrestin3	+++	+	Endocytosis	[28]
NSF	Arrestin2	+	+	Endocytosis, recycling	[72]

Small G proteins and guanyl nucleotide exchange factors
ARF6	Arrestin3, arrestin2	+++	+++	Endocytosis, docking	[32,33]
ARNO	Arrestin3	+++	+++	Endocytosis	[32,33]
RalGDS	Arrestin2, arrestin3	?	+++	Ral-mediated cytoskeleton reorganization	[36]
RhoA	Arrestin2	?	?	Angiotensin II-dependent stress fiber formation	[34]

MAP kinase cascade components
ASK1	Arrestin3	+++	?	JNK3 and p38 activation	[38]
c-Raf-1	Arrestin2, arrestin3	+++	?	ERK activation	[37]
JNK3	Arrestin2, arrestin3, rod arrestin, cone arrestin	+++	+++	Stabilization of phosphorylated (active) JNK on endosomes; export of phosphorylated (active) JNK from the nucleus	[24,38,54]
ERK2	Arrestin2, arrestin3	+++	?	Stabilization of phosphorylated (active) ERK on endosomes	[37]

Non-receptor tyrosine kinases
c-Src	Arrestin2, arrestin3	+++	?	Endocytosis, ERK activation	[39]
Yes	Arrestin2	+++	?	Gα_qactivation and GLUT4 transport	[41]
Hck	Arrestin2	+++	?	Exocytosis of granules in neutrophils	[40]
Fgr	Arrestin2	+++	?	Exocytosis of granules in neutrophils	[40]

Non-GPCR membrane proteins
Na⁺/H⁺exchanger NHE5	Arrestin2, arrestin3	?	+	Trafficking	[52]
IGF I receptor	Arrestin2, arrestin3	?	+	Trafficking	[49]
LDL receptor	Arrestin3	?	+	Trafficking	[51]
TGF-β receptor type III	Arrestin3	?	+	Trafficking	[50]
TrkA receptor	Arrestin2	?	+	Endocytosis, MAPK activation	[73]

Other
Mdm2	Arrestin2, arrestin3, rod arrestin, cone arrestin	++	+++	Receptor ubiquitination, endocytosis, export of Mdm2 from the nucleus	[24,44,55]
Deltex	Drosophila Kurtz	?	+	Degradation of Notch receptor	[45]
IκBα	Arrestin2, arrestin3	+++	+	Stabilization of IκBα, β2AP and TNFR stimulation	[47,74]
PDE4D family	Arrestin2, arrestin3	+++	?	cAMP degradation	[42]
PP2A	Arrestin2	+++	+++	Ser⁴¹²dephosphorylation	[46]
MKP7	Arrestin2, arrestin3	+++	?	Dephosphorylation	[43]
Akt	Arrestin2, arrestin3	+++	?	Dephosphorylation	[46]
Microtubules	Arrestin2, arrestin3, rod arrestin, cone arrestin	-	+++	Subcellular localization	[75]
Dishevelled	Arrestin2, arrestin3	?	+	Transcription regulation, endocytosis of Frizzled4	[76,77]
TRAF6	Arrestin3	?	?	Regulation of TLR-IL-1R signaling	[48]
Histone acetyltransferase p300	Arrestin2	?	+++	Regulates histone H4 acetylation and activity of p27 and c-fos promoters	[62]
Calmodulin (with Ca²⁺)	Arrestin2, arrestin3, rod and cone arrestin	-	+++	Ca²⁺signaling?	[56]

Small molecules
Phosphoinositides	Arrestin2, arrestin3, Drosophila arrestin-2	+++	+++	Endocytosis, light-dependent translocation of Drosophila arrestin2 in photoreceptors	[78,79]
Inositol phosphates	Rod arrestin, arrestin2, arrestin3	-	+++	Arrestin oligomerization, inhibition of receptor binding	[80,81]

*This table includes only arrestin binding partners that are not GPCRs. For a list of GPCRs that have been shown to interact with arrestins, see [1]. Abbreviations: Fgr, a Src-family member; GLUT4, glucose transporter 4; Hck, hematopoietic cell kinase; IL-1R, interleukin 1 receptor; NSF, N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor; TLR, Toll-like receptor; TrkA receptor, nerve growth factor receptor; Yes, a Src-family member. ^†The binding of the partners to different conformational states of arrestin is designated, as follows: +, binds; +++, binds with high-affinity; ?, not known.
Gurevich and Gurevich Genome Biology 2006 7:236 doi:10.1186/gb-2006-7-9-236