Table 2 |
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Functional diversity of calpains |
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Examples of proposed calpain function(s) |
Model systems providing key supporting evidence |
Calpain implicated (possible substrates) |
Selected references |
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Participant in signaling pathways |
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EGF-EGFR-induced motility |
Mouse NR6 fibroblasts and derivatives, Hs68 (human neonatal foreskin fibroblasts) |
Calpain-2 (?) |
[7,45,47] |
|
Integrin receptor-linked motility |
Platelets, bovine aortic endothelial cells, CHO, CHO KI1 and SHI derivative, goldfish fin CAR, and immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts deficient in Cpns-1 (capn4-/-) |
Calpain-1 leading edge; calpain-2 trailing edge (talin, filamin, spectrin, β-integrin) |
[6,48,71] |
|
Integrin receptor-linked adhesion |
Mouse cell line NIH3T3 |
Calpain-2 (ezrin) |
[72] |
|
Downstream of VEGF |
Pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells |
Calpain-2 (?) |
[73] |
|
Responsive to TRPM7 |
Flp in T rex 293 derivatives |
Calpain-2 (talin) |
[74] |
|
Adaptation to alkaline environment |
Emericella (Aspergillus) nidulans, Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
PalB or Rim13/Clp1 |
[41,75] |
|
Downstream of endothelin-1 in development |
Mice, HeLa cells, NIH3T3 or HEK293 |
Calpain-6 (a non-catalytic form; binds to and stabilizes microtubules) |
[18] |
|
Shear stress induced motility |
Human umbilical vein endothelial cells |
Calpain-2 (pp125FAK, ezrin) |
[76] |
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Cellular transformation and tumorigenesis |
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v-src-transformed cells |
HT1080 human fibrosarcoma, H1299 non-small cell lung carcinoma |
Implied calpains 1 and 2 (FAK, paxillin) |
[48,77] |
|
capn9 gene disruption |
Mouse cell line NIH3T3 |
Calpain-9 |
[32] |
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Necrosis and/or apoptosis |
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Toxicant induced damage to liver or kidney |
Rat/mouse exposure to selected toxicants |
Extracellular calpain (fibronectin) |
[51-53] |
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Neuronal cell death |
C. elegans, cell culture (for example, SH-SY5Y), primary cells |
Isoforms not defined Bax, Bid, AIF, caspase) |
[55-57] |
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Cerebellar granule cell survival |
Rat, primary cells |
Nuclear localized calpain-2 |
[78] |
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Apoptosis of pancreatic islet cells |
Islets (human, mouse) MIN6 β cells exposed to ryanodine or palmitate and low glucose |
Calpain-10 |
[36,38,39] |
|
Autophagy/apoptosis switch |
Neutrophil, Jurkat, USO2, cpns1-/- MEF |
Isoform not defined (Atg5) |
[60,61] |
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StrepB-induced apoptosis |
Macrophage |
Calpain-2 (Bax, Bid) |
[58] |
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Croall and Ersfeld Genome Biology 2007 8:218 doi:10.1186/gb-2007-8-6-218 |
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