Figure 1.

Peptidoglycan recognition proteins. The amino acid sequences from eight Tribolium (Tc), thirteen Drosophila (Dm), nine Anopheles (Ag), and four Apis (Am) PGRPs are examined. The phylogenetic tree shows family expansion in Tribolium (shaded yellow), Anopheles (shaded pink) and Drosophila (shaded blue). TcPGRP-LA, -LC and -LD contain a transmembrane domain whereas TcPGRP-SA and -SB have a signal peptide for secretion. Pink arrowheads at nodes denote bootstrap values greater than 800 from 1,000 trials. The putative 1:1 or 1:1:1 orthologs are connected by green lines. TcPGRP-LB and -SB contain the key residues for an amidase activity.