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Genome-wide SNP genotyping highlights the role of natural selection in Plasmodium falciparum population divergence

Daniel E Neafsey1* email, Stephen F Schaffner1* email, Sarah K Volkman2,3 email, Daniel Park1 email, Philip Montgomery1 email, Danny A Milner Jr2 email, Amanda Lukens2 email, David Rosen2 email, Rachel Daniels1 email, Nathan Houde1 email, Joseph F Cortese1 email, Erin Tyndall1 email, Casey Gates1 email, Nicole Stange-Thomann1 email, Ousmane Sarr4 email, Daouda Ndiaye4 email, Omar Ndir4 email, Soulyemane Mboup4 email, Marcelo U Ferreira5 email, Sandra do Lago Moraes6 email, Aditya P Dash7 email, Chetan E Chitnis8 email, Roger C Wiegand1 email, Daniel L Hartl9 email, Bruce W Birren1 email, Eric S Lander1 email, Pardis C Sabeti1 email and Dyann F Wirth2 email

Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA

Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA

School for Health Studies, Simmons College, 300 The Fenway, Boston, MA 02115, USA

Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cheikh Anta Diop University, BP 7325 Dakar, Senegal

Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas da USP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1374, Cidade Universitaria, 05508-900 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil

Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar 470, 05403-907 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil

National Institute of Malaria Research, 22, Sham Nath Marg, Delhi-110054, India

International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India

Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

author email corresponding author email* Contributed equally

Genome Biology 2008, 9:R171doi:10.1186/gb-2008-9-12-r171

Published: 15 December 2008

Subject areas: Genetics, Genome studies, Microbiology and parasitology


Additional files

Additional data file 1:

Lines indicate the number of SNPs exhibiting various call rates using the DM, BRLMM, and BRLMM-P SNP calling algorithms. BRLMM-P SNP calls were used for analysis.

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Additional data file 2:

Array performance in the presence of human DNA and malaria DNA from mixed (non-clonal) infections.

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Additional data file 3:

Reported results are for SNP loci known to exhibit different alleles between the HB3 and Dd2 lines. The highest proportion of heterozygous calls was observed for the even (1:1) mixture of malaria.

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Additional data file 4:

Concordance with known genotype can be improved using more stringent confidence cutoff values with the BRLMM-P calling algorithm.

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Additional data file 5:

Genomic location and genotype data for SNPs assayed on the array with a call rate of at least 80%.

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Additional data file 6:

(a) High MAF (MAF > 0.25) topology. (b) Low MAF (MAF < 0.25) topology. Nodes exhibiting bootstrap support levels of at least 50% or 90% are indicated by gray dots and black dots, respectively. Bootstrap support and branch length differ between the topologies, but the American and Asian parasites form congruent clades.

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Additional data file 7:

(a) Plot of the likelihood of the genotyping data given that the samples derive from K = 1-5 populations. (b) Plot of the posterior probability of population membership for each sample hybridized to the array, assuming three underlying populations.

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Additional data file 8:

(a) First two principal components for Brazil data; clusters suggest population structure. (b) First two components for worldwide data set. (c) First and third components for worldwide data set.

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Additional data file 9:

Significantly greater nonsynonymous divergence (determined by bootstrapping) is indicated by asterisks: **P < 0.001.

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Additional data file 10:

Nonsynonymous and silent SNP DAF correlation between Senegal and Thailand.

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