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Table 1
Classification and localization of AAA+ proteins
Classification			Cellular localization and evolutionary distribution

Group	Clade	Family	Localization	Distribution*	General function	References

Extended AAA	Classical AAA	FtsH	Chloroplast, mitochondria and bacterial membrane	E/B	Protein unfolding and degradation	[36]
		Katanin	Cytosol	E	Microtubule severing and disassembly	[37]
		NSF/CDC48	Cytosol	E/A	Membrane fusion/ubiquitin system	[38,39]
		Pex1/6	Peroxisome	E	Peroxisome biogenesis	[40]
		Bcs1p	Mitochondria	E	Cytochrome bc₁assembly	[41]
		PAAA	Cytosol/nucleus	E/A	Proteasome-associated protein unfolding and degradation	[42]
	Other	Rubisco activase	Chloroplast	E	Activation of Rubisco	[43]
		Rvb	Cytosol and nucleus	E/A	Diverse (for example, DNA recombination/repair, transcription, snoRNP assembly)	[44]
		ClpAB-D1	Cytosol, mitochondria and chloroplast	E/A/B	Protease-associated protein unfolding and degradation/protein disaggregation	[18]
		SpoVK	Cytosol	B	Unknown (sporulation associated)	[45]
		Ycf2	Chloroplast	E	Unknown	[46]
		AFG1	Mitochondria	E/B	Unknown	[47]
		Viral helicase	Virus	Viruses	DNA recombination and repair	[6]
HEC	Clamp loader	HolB/DnaX	Cytosol	B	DNA replication and repair	[48]
		RFC	Nucleus	E/A	DNA replication and repair	[48]
		WHIP	Cytosol and nucleus	E/B	DNA replication and repair	[49]
	Initiation	DnaA/C	Cytosol	B	DNA replication	[50]
		ORC/Cdc6	Cytosol and nucleus	E/A	DNA replication	[51]
	Other	RuvB	Cytosol	B	DNA recombination	[52]
		IstB	Cytosol	B	DNA transposition	[53]
		HolA	Cytosol	B	DNA replication and repair	[48]
PACTT	HCL	HslU/ClpX	Cytosol and mitochondria	E/B	Protease-associated protein unfolding and degradation	[18]
		ClpAB-D2/Torsin	Cytosol, mitochondria, ER and chloroplast	E/A/B	Protease-associated protein unfolding and degradation/protein disaggregation/ER complex assembly	[54]
		LonA	Cytosol and mitochondria	E/B	Protein unfolding and degradation	[55]
	Helix 2 insert	MCM	Cytosol and nucleus	E/A	DNA replication (helicase activity)	[56]
		McrB/Unc-53	Cytosol and nucleus	E/A/B	DNA restriction/unknown	[57]
		Midasin	Nucleus	E	Maturation and nuclear export of ribosomes	[58]
		MoxR	Cytosol	A/B	Protein complex assembly	[59]
		Chelatase	Cytosol and chloroplast	E/A/B	Metal insertion	[24]
		σ⁵⁴Activator	Cytosol	B	Transcriptional activation	[60]
		YifB	Cytosol	B	Unknown	[1]
		ComM	Cytosol	B	Unknown	[61]
	Other	Dynein heavy chain	Cytosol	E	Molecular transport and cilia/flagellar movement	[29]
		LonB	Membrane	A	Protein unfolding and degradation	[55]
ExeA			Cytosol	B	Type II secretion	[62]
STAND			Varied	E/A/B	Varied	[63]

*A, B and E refer to archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes, respectively.
Snider et al. Genome Biology 2008 9:216 doi:10.1186/gb-2008-9-4-216

Table 1